- features: cell shrinkage, compaction of chromatin, nuclear blebbing, cell fragmentation, energy dependent process, phagocytosis
- functions: elimination of cells in embryological development, induction of tolerance to self antigen, removal of virally infected cells and cells with damaged DNA
- 2 pathways
i) Extrinsic: Fas-Fas ligand interaction leads to release of caspase 8 and then caspase 3 (executioner caspase) activating DNA cleavage by CAD (caspase-activatable DNAase)
ii)Intrinsic: cellular stress (eg:growth factor withdrawal or p53 cycle arrest) induces pro-apoptotic proteins (bax,bak). Cytochrome C binds Apaf1 (forming apoptosome) activates caspase 9
- Bax, Bad and Bak are members of oncogenes which promote cell death
- Bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis
- disease of excess and insufficient apoptosis
excess: neurodegeneration, HIV disease
insufficient: cancer, autoimmunity
ReplyDeleteI was diagnosed as HEPATITIS B carrier in 2013 with fibrosis of the
liver already present. I started on antiviral medications which
reduced the viral load initially. After a couple of years the virus
became resistant. I started on HEPATITIS B Herbal treatment from
ULTIMATE LIFE CLINIC (www.ultimatelifeclinic.com) in March, 2020. Their
treatment totally reversed the virus. I did another blood test after
the 6 months long treatment and tested negative to the virus. Amazing
treatment! This treatment is a breakthrough for all HBV carriers.